FICA Explained: Social Security and Medicare on Your Paycheck (2026)

What FICA is

The Federal Insurance Contributions Act of 1935 (Social Security) and 1965 (Medicare) fund the two programmes through a payroll tax split between employee and employer. The employee pays 6.2% for Social Security — old-age, survivors and disability insurance, OASDI on the stub — on wages up to $184,500 in 2026, and 1.45% for Medicare hospital insurance (HI or MED) on all wages. The employer pays the same again, $4,590 on $60,000, which never appears on the stub. Together $9,180 of the year's $60,000 goes to the two programmes, $4,590 of it from the employee: $176.54 per biweekly paycheck. Self-employed people pay both halves as self-employment tax.

No deduction, no exemption, no bracket

Federal income tax begins after the $16,100 standard deduction and rises through brackets. FICA does neither: the first dollar of wages pays 7.65%, the W-4 cannot change it, and exempt status does not touch it. For a single filer under about $50,000 FICA is the larger federal tax — $3,060 against $2,620 of income tax on $40,000 — and for a minimum-wage worker it is almost the whole federal line. What does reduce it is a Section 125 deduction: health, dental and vision premiums, HSA and FSA contributions and commuter benefits taken through payroll come out of FICA wages. A 401(k) contribution does not; it reduces income tax only.

The wage base and the paycheck where it stops

Social Security is charged on the first $184,500 of wages each year and not above, so the maximum any employee pays is $11,439. Someone on $250,000 paid biweekly reaches the cap around the 20th paycheck and takes home 6.2% more from then to December, then drops back in January. The base is indexed to the national average wage — $176,100 in 2025, $184,500 in 2026 — while the 6.2% rate has not moved since 1990. Medicare has no cap; instead an Additional Medicare Tax of 0.9% applies above $200,000 (single) or $250,000 (joint), thresholds that are not indexed and that employers apply at $200,000 of year-to-date wages regardless of status.

What it buys

Social Security contributions build the wage record that determines the retirement benefit, the disability benefit and survivors' benefits, through a formula that replaces a higher share of low earnings than of high ones; the cap on contributions matches the cap on the earnings that count. Forty quarters of coverage — ten years of work above a small threshold — earn eligibility. Medicare contributions earn premium-free Part A hospital coverage at 65 after the same forty quarters; the tax has no cap because the benefit does not scale with earnings. Unreported tips and off-the-books wages earn nothing, which is the part of the FICA bargain that tipped workers and cash-paid workers lose.

When FICA comes back

Only in three cases. Two employers in one year each withhold Social Security up to the cap on their own wages, so someone earning above $184,500 across two jobs over-pays and claims the excess as a credit on Form 1040. An employer that withheld FICA in error (on an exempt student, or on wages that were §125 deductions) refunds it through payroll or Form 843. And nonresident aliens on F-1, J-1 and similar visas are exempt while they hold that status and can recover FICA withheld by mistake. Otherwise FICA is not refundable and does not appear on the return.

The three taxes on a paycheck, and why they behave differently

Federal income tax is progressive and starts from zero: the first $16,100 a single filer earns in 2026 is untaxed because that is the standard deduction, and the rate then climbs through seven brackets from 10% to 37%. It is the only line your W-4 changes. FICA is flat from the first dollar — 6.2% for Social Security up to $184,500 of wages and 1.45% for Medicare without limit — and no form changes it. State income tax is whatever your state decided: nothing in 9 states, one flat rate in 13, brackets in the other 29, and 11 states let a city or county add a line of their own.

On the $2,307.69 biweekly example above: $193.08 of federal withholding, $176.54 of FICA and $0.00 of Texas tax. Keeping them on separate lines is the point: a 401(k) contribution moves the first and third but not the second; a raise moves all three at different rates; the Social Security cap moves only the second. A single «taxes» figure hides which lever does what.

Pre-tax deductions: what each one really costs

A $250 contribution to a traditional 401(k) does not cost $250 of take-home. It comes out before federal income tax (and before state tax in most states), so at a 12% marginal rate the paycheck falls by about $220.00. What it does not escape is FICA: the IRS is explicit that elective deferrals are wages for Social Security and Medicare, so the saving is the income tax rate, not the income tax rate plus 7.65%. Health premiums, HSA and FSA contributions through a Section 125 plan are the exception and escape FICA too: the same $250 through an HSA costs about $200.88 of take-home.

After-tax deductions — a Roth 401(k), union dues, garnishments, post-tax life cover — reduce nothing but the deposit, and still belong in the calculation because the deposit is the number that matters. On a $2,307.69 paycheck, the 401(k) calculator draws the cost curve one percent at a time and the pre-tax deductions calculator compares the two kinds side by side.

What changed in 2026

The standard deduction is $16,100 single, $32,200 joint and $24,150 head of household; every bracket threshold moved up with inflation; the Social Security wage base is $184,500; the 401(k) elective limit is $24,500. Each is read from the document that sets it — IRS Revenue Procedure 2025-32, the SSA's contribution and benefit base, IRS Notice 2025-67 — and listed with its source under the calculator.

The bigger change is the set of new federal deductions: qualified overtime premium pay up to $12,500 ($25,000 joint), reported tips up to $25,000, and $6,000 more for each person aged 65 or over, all phasing out above $150,000 of income. None of them changes what an employer withholds, because Publication 15-T does not know about them; they reduce the tax owed at filing, which is why the calculators on this site show them in the «withholding vs what you owe» box rather than on the paycheck. The what changed in 2026 guide keeps the dated list, including state changes.

A worked example: $45,000 in Georgia, paid twice a month

Take $45,000 a year in Georgia, paid twice a month (24 paychecks), single, standard W-4, no pre-tax deductions. The gross per paycheck is $1,875.00. Federal income tax withholding, from the 2026 Publication 15-T percentage method, takes $134.17. Social Security takes 6.2% of gross, $116.25, and Medicare 1.45%, $27.19. Georgia withholds $68.61 under its flat rate and deductions. The net deposit is $1,528.78, 81.5% of gross; over the year that is $36,691 from $45,000, an effective rate of 18.5% on all taxes together. Every line is reproducible from the documents on the sources page, and the table below lists them in the order they appear on a stub.

Two things on that stub are not obvious from the totals. First, the federal line is withholding, not tax: the tables annualise this paycheck as if all 24 were identical, and the year's actual tax, $3,220, differs from the $3,220 withheld by $0, which becomes a refund in April. Second, Social Security and Medicare are the same fraction of every paycheck of the year, because the salary is under the wage base, and no form can change them; only Section 125 deductions reduce their base. The reading guide walks each line and names what it should equal.

Nearby salaries: what $25,000 to $80,000 leave in Georgia

A raise or a job offer is rarely at the round number on this page, so here is the ladder around it: the same twice a month paycheck at 6 salaries from $25,000 to $80,000, single, standard W-4, no deductions. The effective rate climbs from 13.8% to 22.9% across the range because federal income tax is progressive while FICA is flat; each extra $10,000 of salary leaves less than the last, and the pay raise calculator prices any step exactly. The salary after tax pages carry the full range, one page per amount.

Reading the ladder the other way answers the interview question: to take home $10,000 more a year in Georgia takes a raise of roughly $12,962 in gross at this level, because the new dollars are taxed at the marginal rate rather than the average. The state column grows in a straight line, since Georgia charges one rate; the FICA column grows in a straight line until the wage base. The gross-up calculator runs the reverse computation for any net.

The same paycheck under each filing status

Filing status is the one W-4 line everyone fills in, and it moves the federal line more than most people expect. On $45,000 in Georgia, paid twice a month, a single filer is withheld $134.17 per paycheck; married filing jointly (one income) $53.33, because the joint table doubles the standard deduction to $32,200 and widens every bracket; head of household $89.50, with its $24,150 deduction and its own brackets. Married filing separately uses the single table. Georgia's own deductions and brackets are the same for joint filers, which is why the state column moves too. Picking «married» with two incomes and skipping step 2 is the commonest cause of an April bill; the W-4 guide covers the choice.

The last column shows why the status matters beyond the paycheck: the year's federal income tax on $45,000 is $3,220 single and $1,280 married filing jointly on one income, a difference of $1,940 that the W-4 status either delivers through the year or holds back for a refund. Head of household is the status most often missed by single parents, who leave $1,072 a year on the single table. FICA is identical in every row, since it has no status.

The whole year on $45,000: withholding, tax due, and the settlement

24 paychecks of $1,875.00 withhold $3,220 of federal income tax over 2026. The tax actually due on the return, with the $16,100 standard deduction and no credits, is $3,220, so the year ends with a refund of about $0 — the gap between the withholding tables' approximation and the exact computation. The marginal rate on the last dollar is 12%; the effective rate on all taxes together is 18.5%. Social Security applies to every paycheck of the year, because $45,000 is under the $184,500 wage base. The 2026 deductions for overtime premium and tips apply at filing to anyone with qualifying pay; they do not change these paychecks. Georgia takes $1,647 for the year, 3.7% of salary.

Refund or bill: what the year settles

Withholding is a prepayment; the return computes the tax and returns or collects the difference. On $45,000 with these settings the year withholds $3,220 against $3,220 due, so the settlement is a refund of about $0. A refund is money lent to the Treasury at no interest for up to sixteen months; a bill is fine up to a point and penalised beyond it. The point is the safe harbour: withholding of at least 90% of this year's tax ($2,898 here) or 100% of last year's (110% above $150,000 of income) avoids the underpayment penalty, which is interest on each quarter's shortfall. These paychecks clear the 90% harbour on their own.

What makes the settlement move: credits the W-4 does not carry (the earned income credit, education credits, the 2026 overtime and tip deductions), which enlarge the refund; a second income, other income, or too many dependents on the form, which produce the bill; a bonus withheld at the flat 22% when the marginal rate is 12%, which over-withholds at this salary; and a change of job or a partial year, which annualises each paycheck wrongly. The W-4 fixer sets the lines that bring the settlement to zero, or to a chosen refund.

What deductions do to this paycheck

Deductions are where the same salary produces different paychecks. A 6% traditional 401(k) contribution — $112.50 per paycheck on $45,000, well under the $24,500 annual limit — reduces federal and state taxable wages but not FICA wages, so it costs $93.39 of take-home rather than its face value. A $150 Section 125 deduction for health premiums or an HSA reduces every base including FICA, and costs $113.04. A Roth contribution of the same 6% comes out after tax and costs the full amount now in exchange for tax-free withdrawals later. The table gives each case for this paycheck; the pre-tax deductions calculator runs any amount and the 401(k) calculator draws the whole curve.

The order matters on the stub as well as in the arithmetic. Section 125 items come off first and reduce the FICA wages line, which is why a health premium lowers the Social Security and Medicare figures by 7.65% of itself; the 401(k) comes off next and reduces federal taxable wages only. Both appear in the W-2: box 1 (federal wages) is gross minus both, boxes 3 and 5 (Social Security and Medicare wages) are gross minus the Section 125 items alone. An employer match, where there is one, is added on top of the contribution and never touches the paycheck; the compare two jobs tool values it.

What each W-4 line does to this paycheck

The federal line is the only tax on the stub that a form can change, and each step of the W-4 moves it by a predictable amount. One qualifying child on step 3 lowers withholding by $91.67 per paycheck — the $2,200 credit spread over 24 paychecks — taking the net to $1,620.45. Checking box 2(c) for a second job raises it by $94.37, because the checkbox table halves the brackets so that each job is withheld as if it earned half the household income. Extra withholding on 4(c) is dollar for dollar. Other income on 4(a) adds the tax on it at the marginal rate; deductions on 4(b) remove it. The table runs each case for $45,000 in Georgia; the W-4 fixer computes the combination that makes the year's withholding equal the year's tax.

None of these lines changes the tax; they change when it is paid. Claiming a child that is not yours on step 3, or deductions you will not take on 4(b), enlarges every paycheck and produces the same amount plus a penalty in April. The lawful levers are the ones you are entitled to — the children you have, the deductions you will itemise, the second income you must account for — and the fixer applies exactly those. A new W-4 takes effect from the next payroll run after your employer receives it, and the year-to-date withholding already taken is not recomputed.

$45,000 in Georgia against nine other states

Federal tax and FICA are the same everywhere; the state line is what moves. On $45,000 paid twice a month, the nine states with no wage tax leave $1,597.39 per paycheck; California leaves $1,564.78, $32.61 less, or $783 over the year. Flat-rate states sit in between and their rate is the whole story; bracket states depend on the salary. Prices move more than taxes between most of these states, and the state pages carry the BEA price index beside the take-home; the state ranking sorts all 51 for any salary.

Two cautions before reading the table as a moving guide. The state taxes wages where the work is done, with the resident state taxing everything and crediting the work state, so a remote job does not change the column unless you change where you live — and five states apply a «convenience of the employer» rule that keeps taxing remote work done elsewhere. And the no-tax states collect the difference elsewhere: property tax in Texas and New Hampshire, sales tax in Tennessee and Washington. The no-income-tax guide and the local taxes guide cover both.

A raise on $45,000: what arrives

A raise is taxed at the margin, so what reaches the account is the raise minus the marginal federal rate, FICA and the state's marginal rate on the new dollars only. A 3% raise on $45,000 in Georgia adds $56.25 of gross to a twice a month paycheck and $42.39 of net, 75.4% of it; against 3% inflation it is a real raise of about 0.0%. Nothing about the raise changes the tax on the salary below it — the «pushed into a higher bracket» fear describes arithmetic that does not exist in a progressive system. The table runs three sizes; the pay raise calculator runs any, with the inflation figure you enter.

A bonus on top of $45,000

A bonus paid separately is withheld at the flat 22% federal rate plus FICA and state: a $1,000 bonus leaves $701.42 and a $5,000 bonus $3,507.10 in Georgia. Paid inside a regular paycheck under the aggregate method, the same bonuses are withheld $130.41 and $1,046.41 federally instead of $220.00 and $1,100.00, because the combined paycheck is annualised as if it recurred. The tax actually owed is the marginal rate — 12% at this salary — so the $5,000 bonus is really taxed $600.00 federally and the flat method returns $500.00 at filing. The bonus calculator shows both methods for any amount and state.

$45,000 on each pay schedule

The annual figures do not change with the pay schedule — $45,000 in Georgia leaves the same $36,691 whether it arrives 52 times or 12 — because the withholding tables are the annual tables divided by the number of periods. What changes is the slice: a semi-monthly paycheck is 8.3% larger than a biweekly one, a monthly one more than double a biweekly one, and a weekly one half. Budgets are built from the slice, which is why the pay periods guide and the biweekly vs semi-monthly guide matter more than the small difference in withholding precision between them.

Employers choose the schedule, within the minimum their state sets, and the choice follows the workforce: hourly staff are usually paid weekly or biweekly because overtime is computed by the workweek, and salaried staff semi-monthly or monthly because their pay does not vary. A change of schedule re-spreads every per-paycheck deduction — a monthly premium divided by 2 instead of 2.1667 — and usually leaves a one-time gap between the last paycheck on the old schedule and the first on the new. The table gives $45,000 on all four; the frequency pages carry the calendar for each.

Common mistakes

Expecting the 401(k) to reduce FICA. Only §125 items do. Reading OASDI as a separate tax from FICA. It is the Social Security half. Forgetting the employer half in a W-2 vs 1099 comparison.

Reading the flat 22% on a bonus as the tax on it. It is withholding; the tax is your marginal rate. Budgeting from the wrong paycheck: biweekly and semi-monthly differ by about 7.7%. Claiming the same child on two W-4s, which under-withholds the household by the credit. Assuming a raise can push you into a bracket that leaves you worse off — in a progressive system it cannot. Forgetting the Social Security cap: above $184,500 the later paychecks are larger, and a budget built on January's paycheck is too tight for December's.